Please read everything, and use reference within the work, and use own words

5-1 I need at least 250 words

According to the authors of the textbook, “one of the most frequent misinterpretations in statistics (and in education) is to infer that because two variables are correlated with one another, one variable causes the other” (Kubiszyn & Borich, 2010). What does this mean? What are the potential dangers to assessment and learning when one mistakenly implies causality where only a correlation between two variables exists?

 

5-2 I need at least 100 words

write about what represents the various types of validity and reliability, and explains why they are important in learning and assessment.

5-3 Jornal

Accuracy and Error

The authors of your textbook state that “all tests and scores are imperfect and are subject to error” (Kubiszyn & Borich, 2010). What do they mean by this? Why is it important to recognize that there is no “perfect test”? Knowing this, what can you do to ensure that you obtain the most accurate assessment results as possible.


5-4

Validity, Reliability, and Accuracy

 Select one of the learning outcomes below and draft a hypothetical assessment that supports the outcome (e.g., multiple choice items, essay items, authentic assessment, etc.). Explain how you plan to promote validity and reliability in your assessment, and how your assessment addresses the four categories of sources of error identified in the text, thereby promoting accuracy.

Learning Outcomes
a. Apply analytical skills and knowledge of literary analysis to reading and writing about poetry. (Literary Research)
b. Identify appropriate formulas for solving problems. (Introduction to Algebra)
c. Explain the five functions of management and their importance in organizations. (Management for Organizations)
d. Examine the perception of abnormal behaviors through the media. (Abnormal Psychology) 

I need at least 4 pages