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$150.00 Research Methods for the Health Sciences (4 papers)

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Research Methods for the Health Sciences (4 papers)

 

All 4 papers are based on the following research question: What is the effect of 30 minutes of aerobic activity on blood glucose levels on African Americans between the age of 40 and 60 with a BMI of 30 or greater

 

Research Methods for the Health Sciences

Paper 1

 

Study Designs

 

The next step in the research process is immersing oneself in the empirical literature on your research topic to determine the extent to which your research question) has been addressed.

 

Remember, your goal is to discover the extent to which a knowledge gap exists with regard to your specific research question  which (What is the effect of 30 minutes of aerobic activity on blood glucose levels on African Americans between the age of 40 and 60 with a BMI of 30 or greater?) Locate five peer-reviewed journal articles that present studies relevant to your topic, and synthesize these into a four-page paper that summarizes the “current state of knowledge” with regard to your research question. Note specifically,

 

1. Study findings relative your research question (positive, negative, and inconclusive)

 

2. Any additional questions left unanswered by these studies

 

3. How addressing your research question would help to fill a knowledge gap (should your research question fall short of this, you may need to propose an alternative one)

 

4. The specific population to which your study will apply (and ultimately, your study’s targeted sample)

 

FORMAT: APA

 

Length: 4 pages typed, double-spaced.

 

PAPER 2

 

Sampling

 

Suppose that your research topic is “milk consumption and bone fracture risk.” A corresponding research question would thus be: “What is the relationship between daily consumption of milk and bone fracture risk?”

 

A review of the empirical literature suggests that milk consumption may decrease the likelihood of bone fracture, but findings reported are limited to women ages 65 and above. You would like to examine this relationship in a different segment of the population; let’s say school-aged youths. Given that prior research suggests a relationship exists, you might hypothesize the following:

 

Research Hypothesis (one-tailed):

 

Ho: School-aged youths who consume milk on a daily basis are equally as likely or more likely (than those who do not) to experience bone fractures.

 

Ha: School-aged youths who consume milk on a daily basis are less likely to experience bone fractures.

 

…where Ho reflects the null hypothesis and Ha the alternative hypothesis, which corresponds to the outcome that you, the researcher, expect to observe. Another way of stating your hypothesis would be in two-tailed format, i.e.,

 

Research Hypothesis (two-tailed):

 

Ho: There is no relationship between daily milk consumption and bone fracture risk among school-aged youths.

 

Ha: There is a relationship between daily milk consumption and bone fracture risk among school-aged youths.

 

(Two-tailed hypotheses are used in instances in which a research is not able to anticipate the direction of a hypothesized relationship.)

 

Your Specific Task for this Assignment

 

Using the examples provided about, formulate your own research hypothesis corresponding to the research question : (What is the effect of 30 minutes of aerobic activity on blood glucose levels on African Americans between the age of 40 and 60 with a BMI of 30 or greater?). Add this to the previous components of your SLP, ensuring that there is consistency from research question-to-literature review-to- research hypothesis. (Your research hypothesis should correspond directly to your research question; if this is not the case, please revise either accordingly.)

 

Upload the resultant document, which should be 6-7 pages in length,

 

Length: 6-7 pages typed, double-spaced.

 

PAPER 3

 

Types of Variables

 

Once a research hypothesis is formulated, the researcher must decide upon an appropriate study design to test that hypothesis. In doing so, she must take into consideration the extent to which that design will optimize the internal validity of her study findings (refer again the discussion of internal validity in paper 1. Also to be considered are the practical factors that may facilitate or inhibit implementation of particular study designs, e.g., limited access to one’s target population over time due to transiency among prospective research subjects may preclude adoption of a cohort study design.

 

Your Task for this Assignment

 

With the aforementioned factors in mind, identify a study design (experimental or observational) that would be appropriate to test your study’s research hypothesis, and address the following questions in a three-page essay:

 

1. What are the components of this design?

 

2. Would this design be considered experimental or observational? Why?

 

3. Why did you choose this design over others? Be sure to note all advantages and disadvantages of employing this design to address your particular research question.

 

4. To what types of bias is this design most vulnerable? Please explain.

Length: 3 pages typed, double-spaced.

 

PAPER 4

 

Data Analysis

 

Before any study can be undertaken, the researcher must determine what exactly will constitute the study’s target population, sample frame, and sample (if any of these terms is unfamiliar to you, I strongly encourage you to revisit the discussion of sampling in Module 3 as this information provides the foundation necessary to complete this case assignment). Also to be considered how he will go about recruiting subjects into his study.

 

Your Task for this Assignment

 

Discuss the following as it pertains to your study in 3-4 pages; incorporate this discussion into a 12-15 page final paper consisting of all prior paper components.

 

1. A sampling plan for your study to address the research question your chose in Module 1. Be sure to outline clearly your study’s-

 

a. target population

 

b. sampling frame

 

c. sample

 

2. A recruitment strategy for enlisting participation prospective research subjects in your study

 

Length: 12-15 pages typed, double-spaced.

 

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Preview: ...   an MNE (e.g., see chapter 5 of Navaretti and Venables, 2004, for an overview). 2 Testing these hypotheses is difficult because the firm-specific factors leading to the FDI   decision are inherently unobservable. As a result, R&D intensity (the ratio of research and   development expenditures to assets or sales) and advertising intensity have been primarily used   as proxies for the presence of intangible assets and then used as explanatory variables in firmlevel   studies of whether firms are “multinational” or not. In fact, it has become standard to   include such variables in any firm-level analysis of the FDI decision. My own experience and   reading of the literature suggests that R&D intensity is almost invariably positively correlated   with multinationality regardless of the data sample, while the evidence for advertising intensity is   much more mixed. An alternative test is provided by Morck and Yeung (1992) which found that   publicly-traded U.S. firms announcing foreign acquisitions experienced positive abnormal   returns to their stock only if they had a significant level of R&D and advertising intensity.   In the final analysis, however, it is not possible to suggest that these empirical analyses   irrefutably confirm the internalization hypothesis. Such measures as R&D and advertising   intensity may be proxying for other forces that lead to FDI, rather than those connected with the   internalization hypothesis. In addition, there is evidence that firms that are “lacking” R&D   intensity (or innovation) relative to their industry competitors are the ones more likely to engage   in FDI. For example, Kogut and Chang (1991) and Blonigen (1997) provide evidence that   Japanese firms’ acquisition FDI in the US was motivated by accessing firm-specific assets, not   necessarily due to internalization of their own firm-specific assets. These motivations may or   may not be contradictory to internalization motivations for FDI.   2     Feenstra and Hanson (2004) provides an im ...
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Preview: ... d sugar (PPBS), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)   and urine examination for reducing sugars.   Treatment modalities of hyperglycemia consist of a   triad of drugs, diet and exercise. Each has a specific   role in promoting glucose uptake and hence balancing   blood glucose levels (4). Regular exercise is a valuable   supplement to diet (5). The brisk walking is the best   form of exercise to any NIDDM patients. The natural   walking involves large group of muscles of lower limb   along with rhythmic upper body muscular work.   Treadmill aerobic walking stimulates all the natural   walking features and has added advantage. The   treadmill is a motor driven or manual exercising   equipment. The study involves the efficacy of exercise   as supplement to diet and drug in controlling diabetes.       MATERIALS AND METHODS   Treadmill (ESPEC DYNAMED), LIFESCOPE 9   Oscilloscope monitor for vital parameter (Heart rate,   respiratory rate and blood pressure) monitoring,   Sphygmomanometer, Non Stretchable measuring inch   tape and weighing scale   Patients   In this study all the 20 patients were initially screened   by physician clinically and biochemically to confirm the   diabetic status. The subjects with known cardiac,   pulmonary, diabetic neuropathy and musculoskeletal   problems were excluded from the study and control   group.   The study group consists 10 males between age group   45 and 60 years (X-52), who were clinically and   biochemically-confirmed cases of NIDDM. Only the   NIDDM subjects who were willing to participate in the   experimental study were included into ...
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